Diabetic wounds struggle to heal because of ROS-mediated immune dysfunction, in which the mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming of macrophages is critical for inflammation resolution and tissue repair. Here, we innovatively combine the antioxidant astaxanthin (Ast) and the metabolic activator metformin (Met) via pH-responsive dynamic Schiff base linkages to form amphiphilic Ast-PEG-Met conjugates, which self-assemble into nanomicelles (NMs). This strategy effectively improves the solubility of A

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Adhesive polyethylene glycol hydrogels with metformin enabling in-situ drug delivery reprogramming immuno-metabolism for tissue repair in diabetic foot ulcers.

research4/25/2026

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is characterized by persistent inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and impaired angiogenesis, leading to refractory chronic wounds. Here, we report an adhesive, metformin-loaded (1.0 mM) polyethylene glycol (PEG) based hydrogel (i.e., PEG/Met), constructed from equal volume of PEG-SG (20 wt.%) and PEG-NH2 (20 wt.%), to regulate macrophage polarization and metabolism in DFU. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and infrared spectrum confirmed its crosslinking, y

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