Metabolic

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) are major health burdens. Previous reviews of semaglutide found inconsistent fibrosis improvement. This study aims to provide updated evidence on the efficacy and safety of semaglutide in MASH through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420261288562), we searched databases through 8 January 2026. Ten studies (n = 1908) were anal

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapies have emerged as a major advance in cardiometabolic care; however, no prospective outcomes data exist for these agents in non-diabetic adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and obesity. We examined whether GLP-1-based therapy was associated with first post-landmark ICD-10-documented heart failure (HF) or respiratory failure (RF) events. We conducted a retrospective cohort study in the TriNetX US Collaborative Network. Adults with RA, body mass index

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common and clinically heterogeneous endocrine disorder affecting approximately 4-20% of women worldwide. Its complex presentation frequently leads to delayed diagnosis, increasing the risk of long-term reproductive and metabolic complications. This review critically examines emerging biomarkers spanning hormonal, metabolic, inflammatory, and molecular pathways to support earlier diagnosis and enable personalized management strategies. The findings indicate t

In recent years, metabolic therapies originally developed to treat systemic metabolic disorders have been investigated as potential therapeutic strategies for Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). This study aimed to critically evaluate recent clinical evidence on emerging metabolic therapies, particularly sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and incretin-based agents, examining their effects on hepatic and metabolic outcomes and, when available, histological endp

Prediabetes represents an intermediate metabolic condition between normal blood glucose and diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, metabolic dysfunction, and low-grade inflammation, collectively contributing to early renal injury. However, manifestations such as glomerular hyperfiltration, increased urinary protein excretion, and subclinical tubular injury are often overlooked during this stage. Therefore, elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms and implementing early interventio

Type 2 diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder often requiring combination therapy for optimal glycaemic control. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of orforglipron, an oral, non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonist, versus dapagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, in participants with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control with metformin. This 40-week, phase 3, multicentre, open-label (orforglipron dose-blinded), randomised study was conducted in 73 sites across six countries. The s

The management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has entered a new era with the advent of advanced incretin-based therapies. Therapeutic agents such as semaglutide and tirzepatide have demonstrated exceptional efficacy in improving glycemic control, inducing substantial weight loss, and reducing cardiometabolic risk, thereby redefining therapeutic expectations. Yet, dulaglutide retains a distinct role supported by its strong cardiovascular evidence base. The REWIND trial remains the only GLP-1 receptor a

HTD1801 is an anti-inflammatory metabolic modulator being developed to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D). The safety and efficacy of HTD1801 as an add-on to metformin among patients with T2D with inadequate glycemic control despite stable metformin use have not been well evaluated. This phase 3 double-blind trial included patients with T2D, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 7.0% to 10.5%, fasting glucose levels of 250.5 mg/dl or lower, and stable use of metformin for 8 weeks or more. Patients were randomly

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a common multisystem chronic progressive liver disease with a rising burden. Tirzepatide (TZP), a dual agonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors, has shown beneficial hepatic effects, but the related molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatic molecular signatures associated with TZP in MASLD. A MASLD mouse model was e

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two prevalent age-related disorders that share striking pathophysiological similarities, leading to the conceptualization of AD as a metabolic disorder often termed "type 3 diabetes." While numerous reviews have documented the epidemiological association between these diseases, a critical synthesis of the underlying molecular convergence-and its implications for therapeutic repurposing-remains fragmented. This review provides a com

HTD1801 is a novel compound composed of equal parts berberine (BBR) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). It functions as a gut-liver metabolic modulator with a unique mechanism of action that may offer therapeutic benefits for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). A total of 48 patients were enrolled in this study. Thirty-six treatment-naïve patients were randomized to receive HTD1801 at doses of 500 mg, 750 mg, or 1000 mg

Obesity has emerged as a substantial socioeconomic challenge, imposing considerable burdens on healthcare systems worldwide, thereby necessitating continued efforts to identify effective and sustainable obesity control strategies. Garcinia mangostana (GM) is rich in phenolics with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, yet its potential to mitigate obesity and related comorbidities, including hyperglycemia and male reproductive dysfunction, remains unexplored. This present study in

Systemic glucose regulation depends on coordinated signaling among metabolically specialized tissues, yet most human in vitro models capture only limited portions of this network. Here, we developed and benchmarked a perfused human six-tissue MPS by combining AnthroHive, a recirculating perfusion platform, with MOTIVE-6, a six-compartment Multiorgan Tissue Interaction Vessel, to culture human gut epithelium, pancreatic islets, liver organoids, adipocytes, skeletal muscle, and midbrain-patterned

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus affect over 800 million and 537 million individuals worldwide. Semaglutide, a weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has advanced treatment of pathophysiological processes linked to metabolic dysregulation. This review consolidates evidence on its mechanisms of action, clinical effectiveness across established and emerging applications, safety, and prospects for personalized therapy. Clinical studies have shown that semaglutide sustains glycemic con

Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arising in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) develops under lipid-rich stress and inflammatory remodeling, which can alter therapeutic windows. We aimed to determine whether phenotypic response surface-guided optimization (PRS-OPT) can nominate hepatocyte-sparing propolis-metformin-regorafenib (PMR) dose windows that retain antitumor activity under MASLD-like fatty-acid (FA) stress and translate to an in vivo immune endpoi

Diabetic wounds struggle to heal because of ROS-mediated immune dysfunction, in which the mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming of macrophages is critical for inflammation resolution and tissue repair. Here, we innovatively combine the antioxidant astaxanthin (Ast) and the metabolic activator metformin (Met) via pH-responsive dynamic Schiff base linkages to form amphiphilic Ast-PEG-Met conjugates, which self-assemble into nanomicelles (NMs). This strategy effectively improves the solubility of A

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, including long-acting semaglutide, are transformative anti-obesity therapies. However, emerging evidence indicates that weight loss may come at the expense of skeletal muscle mass, a tissue essential for mobility, metabolic regulation, and overall health. Here, we show that inhibition of the gerozyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), a prostaglandin-degrading enzyme that increases with injury and aging, improves muscle repair and strength

Regulation of glucose homeostasis is a central feature of antidiabetic drugs such as metformin. However, a subset of individuals exhibited limited therapeutic response, highlighting the need for complementary treatment strategies. Taurine, a semi-essential amino acid, has been reported to improve glycemic control in mammalian models, supporting its potential as an adjuvant therapy for metabolic disorders. In this study, we established a fructose-induced metabolic dysfunction model in Caenorhabdi

The metabolic effects of Metformin (Met) and lifestyle modification in early type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management are well established, but their influence on bone remodeling remains uncertain in under-investigated populations, particularly during early treatment when weight loss and metabolic shifts may transiently affect skeletal turnover. This study examined the short- and mid-term effects of metformin, lifestyle intervention, and their combination on bone turnover markers (BTMs) in tre

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder that often requires treatment intensification over time. In complex patients with multiple comorbidities and cognitive impairment, therapeutic decisions must balance glycemic control with safety and feasibility. We present a 59-year-old male with long-standing T2DM, marked body weight fluctuations, and emerging neurocognitive decline. Baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was 9.4%, with progressive improvement to 7.1% under quadr