Immune

Inflammaging, defined as the persistent, low-grade sterile inflammation accompanying aging, represents a central driver of age-related pathology, including cardiovascular dysfunction, neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders, and frailty. This review discusses the most recent advances in understanding its mechanistic basis, encompassing cellular senescence, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), mitochondrial dysfunction, immune cell senescence, innate immune hyperactivation, defect

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is by far the most prevalent metabolic disease affecting women during their reproductive life. Obesity is a frequently associated manifestation of polycystic ovary syndrome. Central body fat accumulation has been associated with the production of a variety of cytokines associated with low-grade inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of metformin and cabergoline, each alone and in combination, on several immune markers

Tuberculous meningitis (TB meningitis) is a major cause of death and neurological deficit despite recommended antibiotic and corticosteroid treatments, primarily due to dysregulated neuroinflammation. Here, we investigate a diverse panel of 12 immunomodulatory drugs as host-directed treatments (HDTs) for TB meningitis utilizing a cross-species framework comprising studies in a mouse model of TB meningitis with clinical endpoints, and parallel mechanistic studies in a newly developed immune-vascu

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a complex autoimmune neuromuscular disorder, and the role of lipid metabolism dysregulation in MG pathogenesis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of lipid metabolism regulation in myasthenia gravis development by integrating single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data. This study analyzed bulk RNA sequencing data from the GSE85452 dataset (13 MG patients and 12 healthy controls) and single-cell RNA sequencing data from the GSE227835 d

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated demyelinating disease. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) demonstrate anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties in preclinical models. No formal synthesis of this evidence existed prior to this review. We conducted a PROSPERO-registered systematic review (CRD420261385854) following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus were systematically searched to June 12, 2026. Google Scholar was used as a supplementary

Latent autoimmune diabetes in youth (LADY) is a poorly characterized form of autoimmune diabetes with onset between 8 and 29 years of age and with slow progression toward insulin dependence, similarly to latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA), which leads to diagnostic difficulties and possibly to therapeutic implications. In this case series, we discuss two cases of juvenile- and young adult-onset autoimmune diabetes with very low insulin need at least after diagnosis and the efficacy o

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) may be misclassified as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and remain unrecognized without targeted evaluation. We describe 2 octogenarians with LADA initially managed as T2DM. The first, an 84-year-old man with chronic kidney disease and normal body mass index, developed glycemic variability with hypoglycemia on multiple daily insulin injections and was intolerant of noninsulin therapies. Evaluation revealed positive pancreatic autoantibodies and preserv

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) is a complex form of autoimmune diabetes characterised by the presence of pancreatic autoantibodies and a progressive β-cell decline, often leading to eventual insulin dependence. Evidence supporting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs)-notably semaglutide-in LADA remains limited. Here, we present the case of a 55-year-old woman, initially diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who exhibited class II obesity and multiple autoimmune di

Respiratory illnesses like influenza and SARS-CoV-2 disproportionately affect older adults, leading to severe complications and high mortality rates. Age-related immune dysregulation impairs infection responses and hinders recovery. The geroscience hypothesis suggests that targeting biological aging can enhance overall healthspan. Mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulated nutrient sensing, hallmarks of aging, profoundly affect metabolism and cellular function. Metformin, an FDA-approved diabete

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) influence sepsis onset and progression. This scoping review mapped 33 studies from PubMed and Scopus up to June 2025 that examined immune, genetic, metabolic, prognostic, clinical, or treatment-related outcomes in patients with T2DM and sepsis. Sepsis patients with T2DM were prone to infections. Immune dysregulation in diabetic sepsis involved sustained pro-inflammatory cytokine release, impaired anti-inflammatory responses and altered immune cell profiles. Multi-

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease driven by dysregulated Th17 cell responses and osteoclastogenesis. While metformin has shown potential in autoimmune modulation, its efficacy is often limited by high dosage requirements. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and underlying molecular mechanisms of SD282, a newly synthesized biguanide derivative, in treating RA. The anti-arthritic effects of SD282 were assessed using a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease and predominantly affects older adults. In recent years, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i), widely prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus, have emerged as important pharmacologic triggers of BP. DPP-4 inhibitors as a class have been associated with BP, with the strongest evidence reported for vildagliptin, although cases involving linagliptin have also been documented. Linagliptin has also been increa

Type B insulin resistance (TBIR) is a rare autoimmune disorder caused by immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies targeting the insulin receptor. These antibodies act as partial agonists, resulting in severe insulin resistance and hyperglycemia at high titer, and hypoglycemia at low titer. TBIR typically affects middle-aged women with autoimmune diseases but may occur in younger individuals and across diverse ethnic groups. Early recognition and timely immunosuppressive therapy are crucial for remi

Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arising in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) develops under lipid-rich stress and inflammatory remodeling, which can alter therapeutic windows. We aimed to determine whether phenotypic response surface-guided optimization (PRS-OPT) can nominate hepatocyte-sparing propolis-metformin-regorafenib (PMR) dose windows that retain antitumor activity under MASLD-like fatty-acid (FA) stress and translate to an in vivo immune endpoi

Diabetic wounds struggle to heal because of ROS-mediated immune dysfunction, in which the mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming of macrophages is critical for inflammation resolution and tissue repair. Here, we innovatively combine the antioxidant astaxanthin (Ast) and the metabolic activator metformin (Met) via pH-responsive dynamic Schiff base linkages to form amphiphilic Ast-PEG-Met conjugates, which self-assemble into nanomicelles (NMs). This strategy effectively improves the solubility of A

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory vascular disorder driven by endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, lipid dysregulation, mitochondrial injury, and maladaptive immune activation. Metformin, the first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, has vasculoprotective effects beyond glycemic control. This review summarizes current evidence on metformin as a multi-target modulator of AS through regulation of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) signaling, A

Psoriasis (PsO) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are chronic immune-mediated diseases often associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), initially developed for T2DM, exert both metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects, which may offer therapeutic benefits for psoriatic disease, particularly in the early stages of PsA. This review aims to evaluate the current evidence on GLP-1RAs in PsO and PsA, examine the underlyin

Inflammatory pain is mediated by complex interactions between immune signaling and sensory neurons, with prostaglandin E2-dependent pathways playing a central role in nociceptive sensitization. Metformin, a first-line antidiabetic drug, has emerged as a potential non-opioid analgesic due to its pleiotropic anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. In this study, we investigated the analgesic effects of Metformin using both an in vitro neuronal sensitization model and an in vivo model of

Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) has gained increasing attention as a novel pacing strategy, but its molecular underpinnings in the context of heart failure (HF) remain unclear due to limited LBBP-specific datasets.We integrated three GEO datasets (GSE5406, GSE19303, GSE21610) representing HF transcriptomics and performed batch correction, differential expression analysis, functional enrichment, immune infiltration profiling, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), hub gene identif

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among women, and retrieving the anti-tumor function of the immune system seems a promising treatment approach for its crucial role in combating cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the impact of a combination therapy containing a TAK1 inhibitor, Takinib (Tak), a metabolic regulator, Metformin (Met), and an immunostimulant, Lentinula edodes mycelia extract (LEME) on enhancing the immune system's anti-tumor activity in BALB/c mice bearing triple