Immune

Type B insulin resistance (TBIR) is a rare autoimmune disorder caused by immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies targeting the insulin receptor. These antibodies act as partial agonists, resulting in severe insulin resistance and hyperglycemia at high titer, and hypoglycemia at low titer. TBIR typically affects middle-aged women with autoimmune diseases but may occur in younger individuals and across diverse ethnic groups. Early recognition and timely immunosuppressive therapy are crucial for remi

Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arising in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) develops under lipid-rich stress and inflammatory remodeling, which can alter therapeutic windows. We aimed to determine whether phenotypic response surface-guided optimization (PRS-OPT) can nominate hepatocyte-sparing propolis-metformin-regorafenib (PMR) dose windows that retain antitumor activity under MASLD-like fatty-acid (FA) stress and translate to an in vivo immune endpoi

Diabetic wounds struggle to heal because of ROS-mediated immune dysfunction, in which the mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming of macrophages is critical for inflammation resolution and tissue repair. Here, we innovatively combine the antioxidant astaxanthin (Ast) and the metabolic activator metformin (Met) via pH-responsive dynamic Schiff base linkages to form amphiphilic Ast-PEG-Met conjugates, which self-assemble into nanomicelles (NMs). This strategy effectively improves the solubility of A

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory vascular disorder driven by endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, lipid dysregulation, mitochondrial injury, and maladaptive immune activation. Metformin, the first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, has vasculoprotective effects beyond glycemic control. This review summarizes current evidence on metformin as a multi-target modulator of AS through regulation of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) signaling, A

Psoriasis (PsO) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are chronic immune-mediated diseases often associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), initially developed for T2DM, exert both metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects, which may offer therapeutic benefits for psoriatic disease, particularly in the early stages of PsA. This review aims to evaluate the current evidence on GLP-1RAs in PsO and PsA, examine the underlyin

Inflammatory pain is mediated by complex interactions between immune signaling and sensory neurons, with prostaglandin E2-dependent pathways playing a central role in nociceptive sensitization. Metformin, a first-line antidiabetic drug, has emerged as a potential non-opioid analgesic due to its pleiotropic anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. In this study, we investigated the analgesic effects of Metformin using both an in vitro neuronal sensitization model and an in vivo model of

Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) has gained increasing attention as a novel pacing strategy, but its molecular underpinnings in the context of heart failure (HF) remain unclear due to limited LBBP-specific datasets.We integrated three GEO datasets (GSE5406, GSE19303, GSE21610) representing HF transcriptomics and performed batch correction, differential expression analysis, functional enrichment, immune infiltration profiling, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), hub gene identif

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among women, and retrieving the anti-tumor function of the immune system seems a promising treatment approach for its crucial role in combating cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the impact of a combination therapy containing a TAK1 inhibitor, Takinib (Tak), a metabolic regulator, Metformin (Met), and an immunostimulant, Lentinula edodes mycelia extract (LEME) on enhancing the immune system's anti-tumor activity in BALB/c mice bearing triple

Metformin, widely used for type 2 diabetes mellitus, has demonstrated antitumor effects through modulation of metabolic and immune pathways. This review explores its potential role in the prevention and treatment of skin cancers, including melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). A structured PubMed search was conducted in April 2025 to identify English-language, peer-reviewed original research articles evaluating the effects of metformin on melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and squamo

Primary Sjögren disease (SjD) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocyte proliferation and progressive damage to exocrine glands. Its pathogenesis is complex, and clinical treatment remains challenging. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), a subset of inhibitory T lymphocytes, play a pivotal role in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance and immune homeostasis. They are also critically involved in the pathogenesis and progression of various autoimmune diseases, including S

Neuroinflammation serves as a pivotal driver of pathology in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) - the widely used animal model of MS. A key contributor to this pathological process is neurotoxic A1-like reactive astrocytes, which play an essential role in disease progression. Although the antidiabetic drugs Metformin (Met) and Pioglitazone (Pio) exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, the effects of Met and Pio on A1-like reactive astrocytes in MS, as well

Glucocorticosteroids (GCs) are commonly used in the treatment of autoimmune, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Although clinically effective, they are associated with significant metabolic side effects, including increased insulin resistance, impaired function of pancreatic β-cells, and, finally, weight gain. These effects can result in steroid-induced hyperglycemia (SIH) and steroid-induced diabetes (SID), both of which increase the risk of complications such as infections and prolonged hos

Diabetes mellitus has been associated with an increased incidence and potentially with a worse prognosis of squamous cell carcinomas due to chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic reprogramming, which promote tumor growth and therapy resistance. Furthermore, it impairs immune response and posttreatment healing, potentially leading to higher complication rates. The study protocol was preregistered (CRD42025634653). An electronic search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane.

Lupus nephritis (LN) represents the most severe and frequent complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), yet its treatment remains a significant unmet clinical need. Recent advances in immunometabolism have revealed that glucose metabolic reprogramming-including shifts in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-plays a central role in driving pathogenic immune cell activation in SLE. However, a critical gap persists in understanding how the

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a slowly progressive form of autoimmune diabetes that is frequently misclassified as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) because of its gradual onset and initial responsiveness to oral hypoglycemic agents. This misclassification may delay appropriate insulin therapy and expose patients to medications that increase the risk of metabolic complications. Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been increasingly associated with euglycemic diab